Be a Lamp Upon Yourself By Brother Shen Shi'an
From Dharmaweb
By
Brother Shen Shi'an
Chapter 1
What's So Wonderful About Buddhism?
The historical Buddha is an embodiment of all the virtues that He Preached. He translated all His words into action. He was tireless in His spreading of the Truth and was the perfect model example. At no time did He ever show any human weakness or base passion. His qualities of Morality, Wisdom and Compassion are the most perfect the world has ever known.
You Can Become Perfect
The Buddha represents the highest peak of spiritual cultivation possible. He taught that all can attain true perfection. No other founder of a religion has ever said that its followers too have the same chance to gain the same experience of peace, happiness and salvation as oneself. But the Buddha taught that anyone could attain the same bliss of supreme Enlightenment if one was to practice as He did.
Beyond Religion
If the definition of "religion" is the unquestionable belief and worship in a supreme entity, with the obligation to carry out rites and rituals, then Buddhism is definitely not a religion. It is beyond all conventional definitions of religion - for Buddhism encourages intelligent doubting and believes in the potential supremacy of the individual. Rites and rituals are seen as ceremonies that help guide and inspire us. They are important in that sense, but they do not give us Wisdom and True Happiness. Buddhism is thus called a religion only out of convention.
Universality
As the Buddha's concern is the True Happiness of all beings, His teachings can be practiced in society or seclusion, by all of every race and belief. It is totally unbiased and truly universal.
Purification Of The Mind
Buddhism is the only religion that encourages not just the ceasing of all evil and the doing of all good - it also teaches the purification of one's Mind, which is the root of all good and evil, the cause of both suffering and True Happiness.
Self-Reliance
When the Buddha was meditating to gain Enlightenment, no gods came to reveal any hidden secrets of spiritual power. No one gave Him any religious laws to teach. He said, "I never had any teacher or divinity to teach me or tell me how to gain Enlightenment. I achieved supreme Wisdom by my own effort, energy, knowledge and purity." Likewise, we can attain this highest goal through perseverance in perfecting ourselves.
Freedom Of Thought
From the intellectual and philosophical content of Buddhism rose the freedom of thought and inquiry unparalleled by any other established world religion or philosophy. Though the Buddha urges us to consider His teachings, there is no obligation or compulsion whatsoever to believe or accept any Buddhist doctrine.
Education Of The Truth
The Buddha is the greatest teacher of the Truth (reality of all things). Buddhism is the perfect education about us and the Universe we live in. It is the teaching beyond worldly knowledge - of the highest Wisdom that leads to the realization of True Happiness. It is interesting to note that the first university established in the world is the great Nalanda Buddhist University in India, which flourished from the second to the ninth century. It was open to students all over the world and was the school of many outstanding Buddhist scholars and sages.
Standing Unchallenged
The Buddha was an unequalled teacher. He freely and actively invited both His followers and those of other beliefs to challenge His teachings from every possible angle till there was no room for any kind of doubt. True to His injunctions, His followers have debated about His doctrine and even founded various schools of Buddhism according to their understanding without violence or bloodshed. The Buddha knew that if one really believed that one knows the Truth, one should not be afraid to have it challenged, as the Truth will always win. His replies to numerous questions enriched the Buddhist doctrine into a vast religious field. We are today able to answer any questions about Buddhism, simply by referring to the Buddha's explanations.
No Blind Faith
The Buddha did not promise heavenly bliss or reward to those who called themselves His followers. Nor did He promise salvation to those who had faith in Him. To Him, religion is not a bargain but a noble way of life to gain Enlightenment and salvation for oneself and others. He did not want followers who believed Him blindly; He wishes us to think and understand for ourselves.
The Buddha urges all to come forth to discover more about Buddhism and not simply believe in it. He advised choosing a proper religion by considering and investigating it in various ways, without accepting anything through emotion or blind faith. This is why Buddhism is sometimes called the religion of analysis. In it is the scientific logical analysis of Mind and matter which modern thinkers appreciate. Even today, Buddhists are encouraged to have the attitude of a healthy skeptic, even towards the Buddhist scriptures!
From Experience And Reason To Faith
Buddhism is the only religion, which was explained to Mankind through the experience, realization, Wisdom and Enlightenment of its founder (the Buddha) without introducing it as a message by a god. It starts from the root of known experience and not blind faith. Human problems must be understood by one through human experience and solved by developing great humane qualities. One should find the solution through the purification and development of the human Mind, and not through outsiders. That is why the Buddha never introduced Himself as a supernatural savior. He did not acknowledge that there is such a savior. According to Him, we can be our own saviors.
The Whole Truth
The Buddha encourages us to face the facts of life courageously without acting hypocritically and to accept the Truth whatever and wherever it may be. All that He taught were timeless practical truths leading us towards True Happiness.
Scientific
Buddhism never found the need to give new interpretations to its teachings. Newly verified scientific discoveries never contradict the teachings of the Buddha as the method and teachings of Buddhism are scientifically valid. Buddhism's principles can be maintained under any circumstances without changing its basic ideas. The understanding capacity of the value of these religious ideas may diminish and disappear from Human's Mind. And Human may experience the difficulty of practicing these principles in a corrupted society. However, the value of the Buddha's teaching will be appreciated by every cultured and understanding person at any time. As complimented by Albert Einstein (Physicist and Mathematician), winner of the Noble Prize, who is popularly regarded as the most outstanding scientist of the Twentieth Century:
"The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. It should transcend a personal God and avoid dogmas and theology. Covering both the natural and the spiritual, it should be based on a religious sense arising from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual and a meaningful unity. Buddhism answers this description... If there is any religion that would cope with modern scientific needs, it would be Buddhism." </blockquote> </blockquote>[edit]Supreme Philosophy
As complimented by Lord Bertrand Russell (Mathematician, Philosopher, Author and Social Critic), winner of the Nobel Prize, who is popularly regarded as the most outstanding philosopher of the Twentieth Century:
"Of the great religions of history, I prefer Buddhism... Buddhism is a combination of both speculative and scientific philosophy. It advocates the Scientific Method and pursues that to a finality that may be called Rationalistic. In it are to be found answers to such questions as 'What is Mind and matter? Of them, which is of greater importance? Is the Universe moving towards a goal? What is Man's position? Is there living that is noble?' It takes up where science cannot lead because of the limitations of the latter's instruments. Its conquests are those of the Mind." </blockquote> </blockquote>[edit]Supreme Psychology
In the course of their work, many psychologists have found, as the pioneering work of Dr. Carl G. Jung (Founder of Analytic Psychology - a pioneer of Modern Psychology) has shown, we are closer to the Buddha. To read a little Buddhism is to realize that the Buddhists knew, more than two thousand five hundred years ago, far more about our modern problems of psychology than they have yet been given credit for. They studied these problems long ago, and found the answers too. As complimented by Jung,
"As a student of comparative religions, I believe that Buddhism is the most perfect one the world has seen. The philosophy of the theory of evolution and the law of Karma are far superior to any other creed... It was neither the history of religion nor the study of philosophy that first drew me to the world of Buddhist thought but my professional interest as a doctor. My task was to treat psychic suffering and it was this that impelled me to become acquainted with the views and methods of that great teacher of humanity (the Buddha), whose principal theme was the chain of suffering, old age, sickness and death." </blockquote> </blockquote>[edit]No Fear
The Buddha is a major historical figure who promoted the rise of rational faith against the superstitions of religion. He emancipated man from the corrupted authority of priests, and was the first to show the way to freedom from religious hypocrisy and dictatorship. Buddhism is a religion that uses reason and no element of fear to coerce anyone in any way to believe in it.
[edit]Universal Compassion
As the Buddha's Compassion is universal, He sees all creatures great and small, from insects to beasts, as equal ultimately, each with the same rights fro happiness as us.
[edit]Non-Violence
There is no such thing as a just war in Buddhism. The Buddha taught that, "The victor breeds hatred and the defeated lives in misery. He who renounces both victory and defeat is happy and peaceful." Not only did the Buddha teach non-violence and peace, He was probably the first and only religious teacher who went to the battlefield to prevent the outbreak of war.
[edit]Human Equality
The Buddha was among the first to speak against the caste system on the importance of individual rights and the equality of all human beings despite differences in social standing, race and religion. He also encouraged the spirit of social co-operation and active participation in society at all levels. According to the Buddha, the only classification of human beings is based on the quality of their moral conduct. The Buddha said:
"Go into all lands and preach this teaching. Tell them that the poor and the lowly, the rich and the high are all one and that all castes unite in this religion as do the rivers in the sea." </blockquote> </blockquote>[edit]Sexual Equality
The Buddha, seeing the two sexes as ultimately equal in rights, was the first religious teacher who gave women full freedom to participate in the religious life. His move to allow women to enter the Sangha (Order of monks and nuns) was extremely radical in His times.
[edit]Democracy
The Buddha was the first to advocate the spirit of consultation and the democratic process. In the Sangha (Order of monks and nuns) community, each member has individual rights to decide on matters of general concern. When a serious question arose, the issues are put forth before and discussed in a manner similar to today's democratic parliamentary system.
[edit]Care For Ecology
The Buddha strongly encouraged care and respect for the ecological environment as He clearly saw the close interdependence between Man and nature.
[edit]No Sacrificial Rites
The Buddha disapproved of animal sacrifice as He saw it cruel and unfair for anyone to destroy any living being fro one's selfish "benefit."
[edit]No Flowery Display Of Miracles
To the Buddha, miracles are but manifestations of phenomena not understood by the common people. They are not seen as demonstrations of Enlightenment or Wisdom, as supernatural powers can be mastered by anybody. The supernatural is seen as natural phenomena not understood by the unenlightened. The ability to perform miracles is seen as a by-product of spiritual development - of minor importance and relevance to the real goal of spiritual development itself. Though the Buddha had full mastery of psychic powers, He used them only out of Compassion and skillful means to teach others. He never used His powers to win followers through blind faith and dependency on miracles. He taught that the highest miracle is the "conversion" of an ignorant person to a wise one.
[edit]No Political Abuse
The Buddha was from a warrior caste and was brought into association with kings, princes and ministers. But He never resorted to the influence of political power to introduce His Teaching. Nor did He allow His Teaching to be misused for gaining political power. However, He urged all kings to be morally strong, teaching that a country should not be ruled by Greed but with Compassion and consideration for the people.
[edit]No Un-forgiveness
There is no concept of "unforgivable sin" in Buddhism. The Buddha said that all deeds are either skillful or unskillful due to the presence or absence of Wisdom respectively. There is always hope as long as one recognizes one's mistakes and changes for the better.
[edit]No Stubborn Exclusivity
The Buddha taught that if any religion has the teachings of the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, it may be regarded as a proper religion. This is because a truly helpful religion must lead to the total eradication of suffering (as in the Four Noble Truths), showing clearly a rational path towards True Happiness (as in the Noble Eightfold Path).
[edit]Harmonious Missionary Work
An outstanding example of the qualities and approach of a Buddhist missionary is the great Emperor Ashoka, who sent Buddhist missionaries to many parts of the Asian an Western world to introduce the Buddha's message of peace. One of his scripts engraved in stone on the Ashoka Pillars, which still stands today in India reads,
"One should not honor only one's religion and condemn the religion of others, but one should honor others' religion for this or that reason. In so doing, one helps one's own religion to grow and renders service to the religions of others too. In acting otherwise, one digs the grave of one's own religion and also does harm to other religions." </blockquote> </blockquote> Holy wars, crusades, inquisitions and religious discrimination do not mar the annals of Buddhist history. Buddhist missionaries have no need or desire to convert those who already have a proper religion to practice. Buddhists are happy to see the progress of other religions so long as they help people to lead a religious way of life according to their faith and enjoy peace, harmony and true understanding. However, the Buddha urged us to share the Truth with whose who might be interested in it:"Go forth, O Bhikkhus (monks), for the good of the many, for the happiness of the many, out of Compassion for the world, for the good, benefit and the happiness of gods and humans... Let not two go by one way. Preach, O Bhikkhus, the Dharma, excellent in the beginning, excellent in the middle, excellent in the end, both in spirit and in the letter. Proclaim the Holy Life altogether perfect and pure." </blockquote> </blockquote>[edit]The Worthiest Goal
The attainment of the Buddhahood (full Enlightenment), or the achievement of True Happiness for oneself and others is the most difficult, yet most worthwhile thing to do. Because practicing Buddhism means following the Noble Eightfold Path (or the Middle Way), Buddhists never have to go into any form of extremism.
[edit]Complete Overview Of Humankind And Religion
The Buddha explained rationally and in detail on how other religious beliefs evolved through history with the changes in the thinking of Humankind.
[edit]Complete Path Towards True Happiness
The Buddha's teachings form a complete colossal inter-linking syllabus, which covers every timeless aspect of life. The ancient collection of Buddhist Scriptures was said to pile up to "the height of seven elephants!" The Buddha expounded for 45 years on all that was necessary to eradicate suffering and attain True Happiness. He asked His assembly of thousands of disciples thrice, on whether they had any remaining doubts before His passing into Parinirvana. There were none.
[edit]Happiness In This Life
Buddhism is not a wholly otherworldly religion. Though practicing Buddhism in this life has positive effects that extend beyond this life, much of the direct practical fruits of our practice can also be seen in this very life.
[edit]Everything Is Open
According to the Buddha, the Truth is an open thing for all to discover for themselves. When we study the life and teachings of the Buddha, we can see that everything is open to everybody. While there are certain advanced teachings that require specific guidance of experienced teachers, there are no secrets in Buddhism.
[edit]Goodwill And Understanding
The Buddha's message of goodwill and understanding to all beings is a universal message. The world today needs this noble message more than ever before in the history of Mankind.
[edit]Chapter 2
== How To Seek The Truth==
A Summary of the Kalama Sutta (The Charter on Free Enquiry), a guidance to seek the Truth wisely as taught by the Buddha:
In the Buddha's time, He once came across the village of the Kalama’s. The Kalama’s were among the smartest and most intellectual people in India. Together, they went to ask the Buddha, "How do we know what you teach is true? All the other spiritual teachers (there were more than 60 religious beliefs in that time) who came by claim that only what they alone teach is true, that what all others teach are untrue."
To that, the Buddha smiled gently and replied, "
1. Do not simply believe what you hear just because you have heard it for a long time. 2. Do not follow tradition blindly merely because it has been practiced in that way for many generations. 3. Do not be quick to listen to rumors. 4. Do not confirm anything just because it agrees with your scriptures. 5. Do not foolishly make assumptions. 6. Do not abruptly draw conclusions by what you see and hear. 7. Do not be fooled by outward appearances. 8. Do not hold on tightly to any view or idea just because you are comfortable with it. 9. Do not accept as fact anything that you yourself find to be logical. 10. Do not be convinced of anything out of respect and reference to your spiritual teachers.You should go beyond opinion and belief. You can rightly reject anything which when accepted, practiced and perfected, leads to more anger (Aversion), more greed (Craving) and more delusion (Ignorance). The knowledge that you are angry, greedy or deluded does not depend on either belief or opinion. Remember that anger, greed and delusion are things universally condemned. They are not beneficial and are to be avoided.
Conversely, you can accept anything which when accepted and practiced leads to unconditional Love, Contentment and Wisdom. These things allow you time and space to develop a happy and peaceful Mind. Therefore, the wise praise unconditional Love, Contentment and Wisdom.
This should be your criteria on what is and what is not the Truth; on what should be and what should not be the spiritual practice."
Hearing that, the Kalama’s were pleased, and with an open heart and mind, having embraced the spirit of free enquiry, listened to, questioned, and wholeheartedly accepted the teachings of the Buddha.
[edit]Chapter 3
== Buddha==
Here are some common questions about the Buddha:
[edit]What is a Buddha?
The word "Buddha" means "The Awakened (or Enlightened) One." A Buddha was previously a human being like us, who had reached the highest peak of spiritual cultivation through purification and mastery of the Mind, attaining the highest perfection possible by anyone. Having awakened to reality, He is one who has found True Happiness in realizing the true nature of all things. With the attainment of Enlightenment (realization of the Truth of all things), Wisdom and Compassion is perfected among other countless positive qualities. Having become a Buddha, one transcends the limitations of a human (and gender) and becomes much greater than a human, gaining ultimate peace and liberation.[edit]Can I become a Buddha?
The potential of attaining Enlightenment or Buddhahood exists in each and every sentient being (including us). We all possess within ourselves the perfect goodness of Buddha-nature (potential for Buddhahood), which is like the bright full Moon. The path towards Enlightenment is the clearing of the dark clouds of defilements (negative qualities - chiefly Craving, Aversion and Ignorance) that overshadow our Buddha-nature, to let it shine forth. There are already countless Buddhas in existence and there will be countless more as long as there are those earnest in seeking the Truth.
[edit]Who is the Buddha?
The Buddha is the greatest character that ever appeared in the history of Humankind - being an embodiment of one perfect in thought, word and deed. He was the wisest and most loving being that ever graced the Earth, an example of how great we can all become. "The Buddha" refers to the historical Shakyamuni Buddha who was born in Northern India (present day Nepal) more than 2,500 years ago (at about 563 B. C. E.). He is regarded as the founder of Buddhism for our world. He was a noble Shakyan Prince (Siddhartha Gautama) who had an entire kingdom of riches to inherit, who chose to renounce it at the age of 29 in search of Enlightenment (realization of the Truth of all things and True Happiness) out of Compassion for all beings. After He attained Enlightenment at 35, He taught the Truth inspiringly and tirelessly for 45 years to all who were willing to learn from Him. he passed away into the deep peace of Parinirvana at 80. His life is full of inspiring stories of how He touched people from all walks of life with His Wisdom and Compassion.
[edit]What Did the Buddha Teach?
The Buddha's message is a joyous one. He found the precious treasure of Freedom in the Truth and urged us how to follow the way that leads us to this same treasure. Though He tells us that we are in deep darkness, He also teaches us the path that leads us to light. He wishes us to rise from a life of unreal dreams into a higher life of Wisdom where all love and do not hate. His appeal is universal, because He appeals to reason, and to the universal search for True Happiness in us. He put Truth to the crucial test of personal experience, encouraging everyone to doubt His teachings, believing that great realizations can arise from clearing great doubts. He taught us to be mindful of ourselves and become awake, to seek and to find True Happiness like He did.
[edit]How Can the Buddha Help Me?
The Buddha is a spiritual genius as He reached the goal of the spiritual quest, Enlightenment by Himself. However, He could see that while we too can attain Enlightenment, we might need a lot of help. Out of Compassion, He devoted the rest of His life to being a guide to all who were willing to learn from Him, teaching all that had to be taught before passing away into everlasting bliss. He proved to be just as ingenious in showing us the path to True Happiness. As long as we keep our hearts and mind open, the Buddha still inspires us through His precious teachings.
[edit]Where is Buddha Now?
The Buddhas are described as having three bodies (Trikaya) or aspects of personality, though they are in Ultimate Reality one in all and all in one:
1. The Truth Body of Buddha 2. The Bliss Body of Buddha 3. The Manifestation Body (Bodies) of Buddha[edit]The Truth Body Of Buddha
The Truth Body of a Buddha (Dharmakaya) is the embodiment of the Dharma (Truth itself) that is eternally present everywhere, expressed in the natural laws of the Universe and the workings of these laws. Sometimes we catch a glimpse of this wonderful reality when we are at peace and at one with everything. This body of Truth is in all things though it is beyond shape and form. It is represented by Maha Vairocana Buddha, the central and universal Buddha who is preaching the Truth right here and now. He is both one and many at the same time as he manifests in many forms. Our inability to see or hear Him is due to our defilements.
Shakyamuni Buddha taught, "He who sees the Dharma (the Truth) sees the Buddha; He who sees the Buddha sees the Dharma." A Buddha, having realized the Truth, becomes equal to the Truth. Though there are many Buddhas, all Buddhas are one and the same, being no different from one another in the Dharmakaya, which is the oneness of Truth.
The Dhammakaya exists simultaneously with the Sambhogakaya and Nirmanakaya. (See "The Bliss Body of Buddha" and "The Manifestation Body of Buddha")
With the Moon representing Buddha, the Dhammakaya is like the rays of the Moon that shine at night. These rays of light might not be visible to the eye as they do not illuminate the darkness of space, but they pervade it fully everywhere.
[edit]The Bliss Body Of Buddha
The Bliss Body of a Buddha (Sambhogakaya) or a Vairocana Buddha is the magnificent blissful reward body of a Buddha. It is the aspect through which each Buddha rejoices in the Truth, in teaching the Truth, and in leading others to the realization of Truth. Because each Buddha had practiced through countless ages and had attained perfect Wisdom and Compassion, each has immeasurable Peace, Merit and Happiness, as expressed in the Sambhogakaya. Buddhas usually do not appear in this form as we find it incomprehensible due to our lack of understanding. Instead, they manifest as Nirmanakaya (see "The Manifestation Body of Buddha").
With the Moon representing Buddha, the Sambhogakaya is like the unclouded full Moon itself shining bright in its total splendor.
[edit]The Manifestation Body Of Buddha
An example of a Manifestation Body of a Buddha (Nirmanakaya) in our world is the manifested (transformed) body of the historical Shakyamuni Buddha. It is the Buddha expressed in a "human" form. A Buddha can also manifest in many different forms at the same time to teach the Truth to more beings. Having attained perfection, the abilities of a Buddha are far beyond that of an ordinary human. It is out of Compassion, to be an example, and to teach the Truth to all beings, that a Buddha chooses to appear in a form (instead of the Sambhogakaya - see "The Bliss Body of Buddha") that we can relate to.
When Shakyamuni Buddha passed away into Parinirvana, only His physical body died. The essence of His Enlightenment still exists in the form of the Dhammakaya (see "The Truth Body of the Buddha"). Today, the remaining relics of Shakyamuni Buddha's manifested body are enshrined in stupas all over the world.
With the Moon representing Buddha, the Nirmanakaya is like a reflection of the Moon upon a lake. The Moon can be reflected differently in many lakes at the same time.
[edit]Chapter 4
== The Four Noble Truths==
The Buddha's teachings are based upon the solid foundation of Truth in the Four Noble Truths, which can be known by all. They are not beliefs with unknown basis accepted on mere faith. They start from the center of our very own undeniable direct human experience.
[edit]What are the Four Noble Truths?
The Buddha was only interested in showing us a clear direct path to True Happiness. The Four Noble Truths form the heart of the Buddha's Teachings. They are noble because they are taught by the Noble Ones - those who have direct perception of reality. By understanding them, we become ennobled.[edit]The First Noble Truth:
[edit]The Truth Of Dukkha
Life is Full of Dissatisfactions -We undergo many dissatisfactory experiences (dukkha), which should be identified:
Birth, Ageing, Sickness, Death, Departure from who/what we like, Being with who/what we dislike, Failing to achieve or be with who/what we want...
[edit]The Second Noble Truth:
[edit]The Truth Of The Origin Of Dukkha
The Causes of Dissatisfactions -These unsatisfactory experiences have causes, which should be identified:
Craving (Greed or Wanting),
Aversion (Hatred or Not Wanting) and
Ignorance (Delusion or Lack of Wisdom)[edit]The Third Noble Truth:
[edit]The Truth Of The End Of Dukkha - Nirvana
Life Can be Without Dissatisfactions -There is a peaceful state where there are no unsatisfactory experiences:
Enlightenment or Nirvana (the extinguishments of Craving, Aversion and Ignorance)
[edit]The Fourth Noble Truth:
==The Truth Of The Path Leading To The End Of Dukkha==
The Way to Life Without Dissatisfactions -There is a path to lead us to this state of Peace and True Happiness:
The Noble Eightfold Path.
==Why is there so Much "Suffering" in Buddhism?==
The use of the word "suffering" in Buddhism can be misleading. When we hear the Buddha say "life is suffering," we wonder what He is saying, as most of us don't experience extreme misery most of the time.
The actual word used by the Buddha is "dukkha," which means that "things aren't completely right in our lives - there are many unsatisfactory conditions in our existence; something always seems amiss." "Suffering used in Buddhism thus refers to all kinds of dissatisfactions big and small.
[edit]What About Happiness?
To live is to experience a greater or lesser degree of dissatisfaction. The Buddha never denied that there is joy and happiness in life. But the nagging problem of dissatisfaction is always around, while "happiness" is always swiftly fleeting by. This is the only problem in our lives. But it is the biggest problem as it encompasses all problems we face. The Buddha is only drawing our attention to the fact that suffering is an inevitable part of life, that it is a problem that all experience, and wish to avoid, and that it can be overcome with the attainment of Nirvana (True Happiness).
[edit]Are the Four Noble Truths Pessimistic?
Some say Buddhism is a pessimistic religion - that it keeps talking about suffering. This is definitely untrue. But neither is Buddhism a blindly optimistic religion. It is however, realistic and full of hope as it teaches that True Happiness is achievable through personal endeavor, one being the master of one's life.
Problems and difficulties exist whether we think of them or not. But only with honest recognition of them is solving them possible. The Buddha stated the indisputable truth that life is full of dissatisfactions so that He could teach us the way out of dissatisfactions towards True Happiness!
[edit]How are the Four Noble Truths Important?
To realize the Four Noble Truths is the central task of the Buddhist life as they lead to True Happiness. You will discover that the structure of the Four Noble Truths is the most simple, logical, scientific and systematic problem-solving formula possible. As these truths solve the ultimate problem of suffering, they are very important indeed.
[edit]How do the Four Noble Truths Work?
The first Truth states our problem of suffering. The second states the cause of the problem. The third states the ideal state without the problem, and the fourth Truth states how this ideal state can be achieved.
[edit]What is the Origin of the Four Noble Truths?
The Four Noble Truths were first taught by the Buddha during His first sermon at the Deer Park in Isipatana (of ancient India near today's Benares) after He attained Enlightenment - that was more than 2,500 years ago. The sermon was called the Dharmmacakkappavattana Sutta (The Teaching of the Setting the Wheel of Dharma in Motion) All the teachings that the Buddha later gave were either further in-depth elaboration of the Four Noble Truths, or teachings that led to them. He used a wide variety of skillful means and methods in teaching them to different people.
[edit]Chapter 5
[edit]The Noble Eightfold Path
[edit]What is the noble Eightfold Path?
The Noble Eightfold Path (the Fourth Noble Truth) is a systematic and complete formula to rid dissatisfaction and attain True Happiness. It contains everything needed for virtuous living, clarity of understanding and the attaining of Wisdom. The 8 factors of the Noble Eightfold Path can be divided into 3 aspects called the Threefold Training:Moral Conduct: · Perfect Speech · Perfect Action · Perfect Livelihood Mental Development (Concentration) · Perfect Effort · Perfect Mindfulness · Perfect Meditation Wisdom · Perfect Understanding · Perfect Thought[edit]Perfect Speech
We should make an effort to notice and comment upon others' good qualities and achievements instead of venting our anger or frustration on them. We can give each other moral support, console them in times of grief, and share with them the Dharma. Speech is a powerful tool to influence others. When used wisely, many will benefit. Perfect Speech includes the avoidance of:
· Lying · Tale-bearing · Harsh Speech · Idle TalkWe should:
· Praise when Appropriate · Criticize only Constructively · Spread the Truth · Say Healing Words · Remain Silent when Necessary[edit]Perfect Action
The practice of Perfect Action involves the respect for the life, property and personal relationships of others. It helps to develop a character that is self-controlled and mindful of the rights of others. Perfect Action include the avoidance of:
· Killing · Stealing · Sexual MisconductPerfect Action also includes physically acting in ways that benefit others. This includes helping and rescuing others from danger or suffering.
[edit]Perfect Livelihood
Perfect Livelihood means earning one's living in a way that is not harmful to others. In the choice of one's occupation, one should show respect for the life and welfare of all beings.
There are five trades that the Buddha considered as unworthy means to make one's living. They should be avoided as they cause suffering and unhappiness to others or create disunity in society. The trades that ought to be avoided are trade in:
· Deadly Weapons · Animals for Slaughter · Slavery · Intoxicants · Poisons[edit]Perfect Effort
Effort is needed to cultivate Virtue or develop one's Mind, because one is often distracted or tempted to take the easy way out of things. The Buddha teaches that attaining True Happiness and Enlightenment depends upon one's own efforts. Effort is the root of all achievement. Thus, no matter how great the Buddha's achievement may be, or how excellent His Teaching is, one must put the Teaching into practice before one can expect to obtain the desired results.
There are four types of Perfect Effort that should be practiced:
1. Effort to Prevent the Arising of Unwholesome Thoughts (of Craving, Aversion and Ignorance) 2. Effort to Rid Unwholesome Thoughts that have Arisen 3. Effort to Develop Wholesome Thoughts (of Generosity, Loving-kindness and other positive qualities) 4. Effort to Maintain the Wholesome Thoughts that have Arisen (even when they are not appreciated by others)[edit]Perfect Mindfulness
Mindfulness is an essential quality in everyone's daily activities. It is a mental factor that enables us to remember, and keep our awareness and attention on what is beneficial in terms of thoughts, words and deeds. For example, when we awake in the morning, we can determine, "Today I will try not to harm others and will benefit them as much as possible." Mindfulness helps to keep this thought in our Mind all day and makes us aware of whether our daily actions correspond to this motivation. The Mind must be constantly aware of what is happening for neither mishaps nor misgivings to occur.
Perfecting Mindfulness is necessary if one is to progress towards Wisdom and Enlightenment. The Mind must be controlled and protected against distractions. Greed and Anger should be consciously avoided. Attention is given to the Mind because it is through the Mind that everything is comprehended, interpreted and understood. If lasting happiness is to be attained, the undisciplined Mind must first be looked after. To tame the Mind is to tame the world.
[edit]Perfect Meditation
Meditation is the gradual process of training the Mind to focus on a single object, and to remain fixed upon that object without wavering. The object of concentration may be a material thing such as a flower or a quality such as Loving-kindness. Even if one was to practice meditation for fifteen minutes a day, one will begin to experience its benefits. The constant practice of meditation helps one to develop a calm and concentrated Mind, and prepares one for the attainment of Wisdom and Enlightenment ultimately.
[edit]Perfect Understanding
Perfect Understanding is the seeing of all things as they really are, rather than as they appear to be. In order to see things as they really are, one must observe one's self and situation carefully, examining the meaning of what is observed. It is the true knowledge of all things realized by oneself through practice.
An inquiring and analytical attitude is important in acquiring Perfect Understanding. The Buddha taught us not to rely upon hearsay, tradition or authority for the Truth but to judge the Truth in the light of our own unbiased and objective experience. The Buddha taught that just as a wise man does not accept any metal that glitters as being gold on the advice of another, but tests its properties for himself, so should one not accept what is heard without testing it by one's own experience.
Nonetheless, in seeking the Truth, one can do well to turn to the Teachings of the Buddha for help. This is the first step towards developing Perfect Understanding. One should listen to and study the Teachings of the Buddha and the explanations of qualified teachers. But listening to the Buddha's Teachings alone is not enough. One must also be attentive and try earnestly to remember and practice it.
The Buddha says developing Perfect Understanding is like a blind man who has his eyesight restored, and whose attitude towards things he used to like and dislike changes because he can now see them accurately.
[edit]Perfect Thought
Thoughts influence one's words and actions. If one speaks or acts out of Greed or Anger, then one will speak or act wrongly and suffer consequently. It is necessary to purify one's thoughts if one really wishes to improve one's conduct. Perfect Thought is knowing how to use the knowledge that we have for the benefit of one and all.
Perfect Thought means to avoid Craving and Ill Will, and to cultivate thoughts of Renunciation (giving up Attachment), Loving-kindness and Compassion. Craving should be avoided because it can never be fully satisfied, leading to unwholesome actions. Thoughts of Renunciation remove Craving, while thoughts of Loving-Kindness and Compassion remove ill will.
[edit]Chapter 6
[edit]The Threefold Refuge in The Triple Gem
When we wish to become Buddhists formally, the first step is to go to The Triple Gem (or the Three Jewels)-the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha for refuge. It is an expression of one's faith and determination in walking the Buddha's path. Since the time of the Buddha, taking this Threefold Refuge has identified a person as a Buddhist.
[edit]Why Take Refuge?
If we observe the world carefully, we will notice much pain, suffering and frustration experienced by all. We will look for a way to end these distressing conditions just as a traveler caught in a storm seeks shelter. If he finds shelter in a strong and safe building, he will call out to the others struggling in the storm to join him in his refuge. Similarly, one chooses to become a Buddhist when he understands whom the Buddha is and how the Triple Gem can provide him the way to end suffering. Out of Compassion, he also encourages others to take the same refuge.
The Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha are called the Triple Gem because they represent qualities excellent and precious like a gem. Once we recognize these unique qualities after careful consideration, and are confident that the Triple Gem can lead us towards True Happiness and Enlightenment, we take refuge in it. Therefore, it is not out of mere faith, but with an open-minded attitude and inquiring spirit that we begin practicing the Buddha's Teaching.
[edit]Buddha
The word "Buddha" means the "Fully Enlightened One", or the "Awakened One." It is the title given to those who have attained supreme and perfect Enlightenment. Buddhists acknowledge the Buddha as the embodiment of the highest Morality, deepest Concentration, and perfect Wisdom. The Buddha is also known to His followers as the "Perfected One" because He has eradicated all Craving, Aversion and Ignorance, having overcome all unwholesome actions, putting an end to all suffering.
The Buddha is the Fully Enlightened One because He has realized the Truth and sees things as they really are. He knows through His perfect Wisdom, what is good and what is not good fro everyone. Out of Compassion, He shows us the path leading towards True Happiness.
The Buddha's exemplary Conduct, perfect Wisdom and great Compassion make Him an excellent teacher. Using skillful means, He is able to reach out to all His followers so that they can understand His Teaching.
[edit]The Buddha As A Doctor
Refuge is likened to the doctor, medicine and nurse a sick person relies upon to be cured. We are like a sick person as we are afflicted with the illness of having many unsatisfactory situations in life. Seeking a solution, we consult a qualified doctor, the Buddha, who diagnoses the causes of our illnesses, the disturbing attitudes and the confused actions we have done under their influence. Then He prescribes the medicine of the Dharma, the teachings, on how to gain the realizations leading to Enlightenment.
[edit]Dharma
The Buddha taught the Dharma (the teachings of the Truth of all things) solely out of Compassion for all who suffer in the cycle of birth and death. The Dharma is therefore taught without any selfish motives. It is well taught and completely good, by nature pure and bright like a light that destroys the darkness of ignorance. When the Dharma is studied and practiced, it brings many benefits both now and in the future.
The Dharma is the Teaching about the nature of life. These primary Teachings of the Buddha are contained in the collection of scriptures called the Tripitaka. These consist of the sermons (Sutra or Sutra Pitaka) taught by the Buddha, the disciplinary rules of the monastic and lay community (Vinaya Pitaka) and the philosophy and psychology of Buddhism (Abhidharma Pitaka).
We get to know about the Dharma by reading the scriptures. We can also learn from the writings and explanations of qualified teachers. Once we have familiarized ourselves with the Dharma through reading and listening, we have to realize its truth for ourselves by putting it into practice. This means purifying our conduct and cultivating Mental Development until the Teaching becomes part of our own experience.
[edit]The Dharma As Medicine
We must practice the Dharma, which is like the medicine the Buddha gave us, to attain Enlightenment. It is not enough just to hear the Dharma. We have to actively apply it in our daily lives and in our relationships with others. This means we try to be mindful and notice when disturbing attitudes arise. Then, we apply the remedies enabling us to perceive the situation clearly. If sick people have medicine but don't take it, they never get cured. Similarly, we may have an elaborate shrine at home and a huge library of Dharma books but if we, for example, do not apply patience when we meet a person who annoys us, we miss an immediate opportunity to practice the Dharma.
[edit]Sangha
The Sangha that a Buddhist takes refuge in is the community of noble monks and nuns who lead exemplary lives, who attained insight into the true nature of things. Their lives and achievements show others that it is possible to progress on the path to Enlightenment.
However, the Sangha also generally refers to the fourfold community of monks (Bhikkhus), and nuns (Bhikkhunis), and excellent male and female lay followers (though "Sangha" is usually used to address monks and nuns who have renounced the lay life to practice and teach the Dharma full time.) Monks and nuns are respected for their good conduct and experience in spiritual practice. They are also respected for their diligence, mindfulness and calmness. Wise and learned, they are able teachers of the Dharma, like trusted friends who inspire us along the path of practice.
The lay followers accept the Four Noble Truths and the other teachings of the Buddha, and seek happiness and Enlightenment as their common goal in life. They also uphold common moral values. Thus a Buddhist can also look to other members of the lay community for help and advice in times of need.
[edit]The Sangha As Nurses
Members of the Sangha are like nurses who help us take the medicine of Dharma. The nurses remind us when we forget which pills to take. If we have difficulty swallowing huge pills, the nurses break them into smaller pieces for us. Similarly, the Sangha helps us practice the Dharma correctly when we are confused. Any fellow practitioner who is more advanced than us can be our spiritual friend who can help us.
[edit]The Journey To Enlightenment
To better understand the idea of taking refuge, imagine a traveler who wants to visit a distant city where he has never been. He will need a guide, a path to follow and even traveling companions on the way. A Buddhist working towards attaining happiness and Enlightenment is like this traveler. The Buddha is his "guide", the Dharma his "path" and the Sangha his "traveling companions."
[edit]Taking Refuge
The simplest expression of one's intention of taking the Threefold Refuge in the Triple Gem as refuge is by repeating the following lines thrice:
I go to the Buddha for refuge.
I go to the Dharma for refuge.
I go to the Sangha for refuge. </blockquote> </blockquote> These lines can be repeated by one alone before an image of the Buddha or repeated line by line after a monk or nun. The formal ceremony is very simple, but it is the commitment that one has in the heart that truly matters. A Buddhist may repeat the Threefold Refuge daily to remind himself that he has made a commitment to attain the goal of happiness and Enlightenment through the guidance and inspiration of the Triple Gem.[edit]Benefits Of Taking Refuge
Taking the Threefold Refuge is the first step on the path to Enlightenment. Thereafter, through Moral Conduct and Mental Development, self-mastery, Wisdom and Compassion is achieved. Even if Enlightenment is not achieved in this life, one who takes the Threefold Refuge is more likely to have favorable conditions for encountering the Triple Gem again, aiding the attaining of Enlightenment in a future life.
[edit]Chapter 7
[edit]The Five Precepts
The Five Precepts are recommendations given by the Buddha, proposed to be lived by one who wishes to lead a peaceful life while contributing to the happiness of family and society. The Five Precepts are voluntarily observed by lay Buddhists. They are not commandments that have to be strictly abided by. They form the basis of universal morality in the Moral Conduct aspect of the Noble Eightfold Path, which is very important in the beginning of practicing the Buddhist path.
[edit]Are Precepts Fixed Rules?
Following the precepts blindly without Wisdom and understanding is never encouraged. The Five Precepts should never be stuck by blindly disregarding the circumstances; there are sometimes exceptional occasions when upholding them might create more suffering for others, proving unwise. At these times, the Five Precepts might have to be bent. (For instance, we might have to tell white lies to protect someone in danger - this is "bending" the Fourth Precept, which is against lying.) Whenever any of the Five Precepts is not upheld, it should only be for the welfare of others and not for selfish gain.
[edit]What are the Benefits of Precepts?
The Buddha once told a priest that it is much better to "sacrifice" one's unwholesome conduct by observing the Five Precepts than killing animals to "sacrifice to the gods." He taught that observing them not only expresses one's gratitude for present good fortune, but also increases the opportunity for happiness and good fortune in the future. One who mindfully observes these five training guidelines of wholesome conduct will find peace in everyday life and is unlikely to bring trouble upon oneself or others.
[edit]Are the Five Precepts Hard to Observe?
The Five Precepts are never meant to restrict as they protect oneself and others when observed well. Breaking a precept is not considered an unforgivable sin - it is seen as an unskillful act due to the lack of Wisdom. A lay Buddhist may find the Five Precepts difficult to observe completely and constantly in the beginning, but one should not be disheartened. Even if one is able to observe only one or two precepts successfully, one is already laying the foundation for happiness now and in the future. One may make a daily renewal of one's determination to observe the precepts in order to remind oneself of the ideal way of life one should lead. One should try his very best to achieve this ideal. In doing so, one will discover inner peace and always be at ease with the world. We have to remember that though we are presently imperfect, we can all strive towards perfection.
[edit]How do I Take the Five Precepts?
To express one's resolution to observe the Five Precepts, a Buddhist may recite them before a Buddha image or repeat them after a monk or nun. The ceremony for receiving the precepts is usually after the ceremony of going for the Threefold Refuge.[edit]What are Some Other Precepts?
All other sets of Buddhist precepts, including the Eight and Ten Precepts (Precepts from Lay Buddhist Training and Retreats), the Bhikkhu and Bhikkhuní Precepts (Precepts of Monks and Nuns) and the Bodhisattva Precepts (Precepts to benefit as many as possible)... are further extensions of these Five Precepts.
- THE FIRST PRECEPT -
Respect for Life:
Not to Kill; to Protect
I undertake the training rule
to abstain from taking life
(so that I will practice Compassion
by protecting and benefiting all life)
Aware of the suffering caused by the destruction of life, I undertake the precept to cultivate Compassion and protect human, animal and plant life (protecting nature). I am determined not to kill or injure, not to let others do so, and not to support any act of physical or mental harm.- THE SECOND PRECEPT -
Respect for Personal Property:
Not to Steal; to be Generous
I undertake the training rule
to abstain from taking the not given
(so that I will practice Generosity by sharing
or giving my material and spiritual wealth)
Aware of the suffering caused by exploitation, injustice, theft and oppression, I undertake the precept to cultivate Loving-kindness for the well being of people and animals. I will practice Honesty and Generosity by sharing my wealth, time, energy, empathy, encouragement and other resources, especially the gift of Truth with those in need. I am determined not to possess or steal anything (including time - by being late or being irresponsible at work...) that should belong to others. i will respect the property of others and the public and prevent others from profiting from suffering of any living being.- THE THIRD PRECEPT -
Respect for Personal Relationships:
Not to Indulge the Senses; to be Content
I undertake the training rule
to abstain from misconduct
regarding objects and subjects of sense pleasures, (especially adultery,
so that I will practice contentment
and channel my energies
towards spiritual development)
Aware of the suffering caused by sexual misconduct, I undertake the precept to cultivate responsibility and protect the safety and integrity of individuals, couples, families and society. I am determined not to engage in sexual relations without love, responsibility and a long-term commitment. To preserve the happiness of others and myself, I will respect the commitments of others. I will do everything in my power to protect children from sexual abuse and prevent couples and families from being broken by sexual misconduct.Aware of the suffering caused by sensual indulgence, I will also not mindlessly indulge my sense of sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch and/or Mind in the sense pleasures (e.g. shows, music, food, sex etc.) such that I am distracted from the path towards self-improvement.
- THE FOURTH PRECEPT -
Respect for Truth;
Not to Lie; to be Truthful
I undertake the training rule
to abstain from false speech
(and other unwholesome modes of speech,
so that I will communicate positively)
Aware of the suffering caused by unmindful speech and inability to listen to others, I undertake the precept to cultivate loving speech and deep listening to bring joy and happiness to others and relieve them of their suffering. I will speak truthfully, with words that inspire self-confidence, joy and hope. I am determined not to spread news, criticize or condemn on that which I do not know for certain. I will refrain from uttering words that can cause division or discord in family or community. I will make the effort to reconcile and resolve conflicts big and small.- THE FIFTH PRECEPT -
Respect for Mental and Physical Well-being;
Not to Take Intoxicants; to Be Mindful
I undertake the training rule
to abstain from taking alcohol,
and that which causes intoxication
(so that I will be more healthy and
not break the precepts through loss of mindfulness)
Aware of the suffering caused by un-mindfulness consumption, I undertake the precept to cultivate good physical and mental health, for myself, my family and society by practicing mindful eating, drinking and consuming. I will ingest only items that preserve peace, well being and joy in body and Mind, and the collective body and consciousness of my family and society. I am determined not to use alcohol, drugs or any other intoxicant, or to ingest foods or items that contain negative elements, so as to cultivate greater awareness, attention and clarity of Mind. I am aware that to damage my body or my Mind with these poisons is to let down my family and society. I will work to transform violence, fear, anger and confusion in myself and in society by balancing a physical an mental diet. I understand that a proper diet is crucial for positive self and society transformation and advancement in Mental Development.(This precept is sometimes interpreted as either total abstinence from intoxicants or as permissible moderate intake, so long as there is no indulgence or the senses or impairment of health or mindfulness. The best safeguard is total abstinence, which best sustains mindfulness in following the first four precepts.)
[edit]Chapter 8
[edit]The Three Universal Characteristics
[edit]What are the Three Characteristics?
A universal characteristic is a Truth of the Universe that is connected with all existence despite differences in space and time. It tells us about the true nature of all thing. The Buddha taught that all conditioned existence is governed by the Three Universal Characteristics. They are also called the Three Seals of the Law (of the Dharma) as the Buddha taught us that any teaching that abides by these characteristics can be validated as a true teaching. Any teaching that does not bear these three seals and the Four Noble Truths cannot be said to be a teaching of the Buddha. (4. Below is taught as the 3rd characteristic in place of 3. in the Mahayana School of Buddhism; 3. is taught as the 3rd characteristic in the Theravada School.) To attain True Happiness or Enlightenment, these truths must be realized as they help us to touch reality.1. Anicca - Impermanence (Change)
All compounded things are constantly changing 2. Anattá - Selflessness (Non-self or Impersonality)
All phenomena is without self-nature 3. Dukkha - Dissatisfaction (Suffering)
All un-enlightened experience is dissatisfactory 4. Nirvana - Enlightenment (Perfect Stillness)
Enlightenment is experience of True Peace and True Happiness[edit]Anicca
Anicca describes phenomena from the point of view of time. Everything in the Universe, be it physical (from the smallest cells of our bodies to the biggest stars) or mental (such as the thoughts running through our minds), constantly undergo change, never staying the same for even just two consecutive split seconds. As everything is a result or effect of changing causes and conditions, everything changes constantly.
The smallest component of the most "solid" thing is only a ball of fluxing energy. The untrained Mind is even much more fickle and prone to change, having no stability of a fixed self-nature. All living and non-living elements are thus subject to decay and destruction. The law of Anicca is neutral and unbiased. It is ungoverned by any higher power - as things decay, as well as become renewed naturally.
[edit]Why Should I Realize Anicca?
When one realizes that people (their personalities, interests and attitudes) and life situations are unfixed and constantly changing, one will approach each moment of a relationship with an open Mind, being able to react to each new situation without clinging to outdated conceptions. Relationships can then develop fruitfully.
As success in life depends on one's ability to adapt to changes in situations and to make the most of new arising opportunities, we will be more successful in all our undertakings if this Truth is realized. We will also learn to treasure our health, material well-being, relationships and live with less attachment, using our valuable present state of well-being to mindfully practice the path towards True Happiness or Enlightenment. It is also because of Anicca that we can transform suffering into True Happiness.
[edit]Anattá
Anattá describes phenomena from the point of view of space. Everything in the Universe is compounded or made up of parts, which are in turn made up of parts, which are in turn made up of smaller and smaller parts. Each of these parts changes constantly - sometimes grossly but mostly subtly (to our senses). There is no single fixed component of anything that is not subject to change. A thing exists only when the parts that constitute it come together. Thus, there is no fixed unchanging self within anything - this is called impersonality. It also means that everything is interconnected and interdependent upon each other. Nothing exists on its own as a separate self.
If a real or permanent self exists, one should be able to identify it. However, one's body changes unceasingly from second to second from birth to death. The Mind changes even much more rapidly. Thus, we cannot say the body, Mind or any particular combination of the two is one's self. Neither can an independent self exist as both the body and Mind depend on many factors to exist. As the so-called self is just a collection of conditioned and changing physical and mental factors, there is no real or concrete element of self in us.
If the body were the self, it would be able to will or control itself to be strong and healthy. However, it grows tired, hungry and falls sick against its will. Likewise, if the Mind was the self, it could do whatever it wished. But the Mind often runs away from what it knows to be right to the wrong. It becomes disturbed, distracted and excited against its will. Therefore, neither the body nor Mind can be the self.
[edit]Why Should I Realize Anattá?
One who does not realize this truth will tend to be self-centered and egoistic. Not only will one feel constantly threatened by people and situations, one will also feel compelled to protect oneself, one's possessions, and even opinions, at any cost.
Realizing this truth, it will be easier to grow, learn, develop, and be generous, kind and compassionate because one no longer need to be constantly self-defensive. One will also deal with everyday situations more effectively, aiding progress towards True Happiness or Enlightenment. As long as we assume we possess a self, the selfish "I-my-mine" attitude dominates our life and brings all kinds of problems.
[edit]Dukkha
Nothing in the Universe is capable of giving us complete and lasting satisfaction. This is due to the constant change of everything (including what we treasure) and the changing cravings of our untrained and conditioned Mind. Even during the most pleasant experience, there is anxiety that the moment will not last long. Seeking lasting happiness in the constantly changing disturbs peace of Mind, causing suffering. It also results in the suffering of repeated rebirths.
[edit]Why should I Realize Dukkha?
Understanding that dissatisfaction is universal and inevitable enables one to face the realities of life with calmness. One will be able to cope with ageing, sickness and death without becoming disheartened or desperate. It also encourages us to find the solution to the problem of dissatisfaction just as the Buddha did, and seek True Happiness or Enlightenment.
[edit]Nirvana
Nirvana is the ground of being, the substance of all that is. For example, a wave does not have to "die" in order to become water. Water is the substance of the wave. The wave is already water. We are also likewise. We carry in us the ground of inter-being (inter-connectedness), Nirvana, the "worl